State of Israel | |
---|---|
Anthem: הַתִּקְוָה (Hatīkvāh; "The Hope") | |
Capital and largest city | Jerusalem (limited recognition)[fn 1][fn 2] 31°47′N 35°13′E / 31.783°N 35.217°E |
Official language | Hebrew[8] |
Recognized language | Arabic[fn 3] |
Ethnic groups (2023)[12] | |
Demonym(s) | Israeli |
Government | Unitary parliamentary republic |
Isaac Herzog | |
Benjamin Netanyahu | |
Amir Ohana | |
Uzi Vogelman (acting) | |
Legislature | Knesset |
Establishment | |
14 May 1948 | |
11 May 1949 | |
1958–2018 | |
Area | |
• Total | 22,072 or 20,770[13][14] km2 (8,522 or 8,019 sq mi)[a] (149th) |
• Water (%) | 2.71[15] |
Population | |
• 2024 estimate | 9,900,000[16] (93rd) |
• 2008 census | 7,412,200[17][fn 4] |
• Density | 448/km2 (1,160.3/sq mi) (29th) |
GDP (PPP) | 2024 estimate |
• Total | $552.151 billion[18] (47th) |
• Per capita | $55,533[18] (29th) |
GDP (nominal) | 2024 estimate |
• Total | $530.664 billion[18] (29th) |
• Per capita | $53,372[18] (18th) |
Gini (2018) | 34.8[fn 4][19] medium |
HDI (2022) | 0.915[20] very high (25th) |
Currency | New shekel (₪) (ILS) |
Time zone | UTC+2:00 (IST) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+3:00 (IDT) |
Date format | |
Driving side | right |
Calling code | +972 |
ISO 3166 code | IL |
Internet TLD | .il |
|
Israel,[a] officially the State of Israel,[b] is a country in the Southern Levant region of West Asia. It is bordered by Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan to the east, the Red Sea to the south, Egypt to the southwest, the Mediterranean Sea to the west, and the Palestinian territories – the West Bank along the east and the Gaza Strip along the southwest.[21] Tel Aviv is the country's financial, economic, and technological center. Israel’s governmental seat is in its proclaimed capital of Jerusalem, although Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem is of limited international recognition.[c][23]
Israel is located in a region known historically as Canaan, Palestine, and the Holy Land. In antiquity, it was home to several Canaanite, and later, Israelite and Judahite states, and is referred to as the Land of Israel in Jewish tradition. Situated at a continental crossroad, the region subsequently came under the rule of many different empires with holy sites of various faiths attracting waves of immigration throughout history from across the Old World. The late 19th century saw the rise of Zionism in Europe, a movement seeking a Jewish homeland, which garnered British support during World War I. During the war, British occupation led to the setting up of Mandatory Palestine in 1920. Increased Jewish immigration combined with British colonial policy led to intercommunal conflict between Jews and Arabs.[24][25] The 1947 UN Partition Plan triggered a civil war between the two groups, which saw the expulsion and flight of most of Mandatory Palestine's predominantly Arab population, known as the Nakba,[26][27][28] A minority remained and became Arab citizens of Israel.[29]
The State of Israel declared its establishment on 14 May 1948, the day the British terminated the Mandate, seeing the immigration of European Jews displaced during World War II. On 15 May 1948, the armies of neighboring Arab states invaded the area of former Mandatory Palestine, starting the First Arab–Israeli War. The 1949 Armistice Agreements established Israel's borders over most of the former Mandate territory. The rest, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, were taken by Jordan and Egypt respectively.[30][31][32] The 1967 Six-Day War saw Israel occupying the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Egyptian Sinai Peninsula and Syrian Golan Heights. The Israeli government has since established and continues to expand settlements across the occupied territories, actions which are deemed illegal under international law, and has annexed both East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, actions which are largely unrecognized internationally. Since the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt, returning the Sinai Peninsula, and with Jordan, and has more recently normalized relations with several Arab countries. However, international efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not succeeded. Israel's practices in its occupation of the Palestinian territories have drawn sustained international criticism along with accusations from human rights organizations and United Nations officials that it has committed war crimes and crimes against humanity against the Palestinian people.
The country has a parliamentary system elected by proportional representation. The prime minister serves as head of government, and is elected by the Knesset, Israel's unicameral legislature.[33] Israel has one of the biggest economies in the Middle East by nominal GDP, [34] it is one of the richest countries in the Middle East and Asia,[35][36][37] and an OECD member since 2010.[38] It has one of the highest standards of living in the Middle East and Asia, and has been ranked as one of the most advanced and technological countries.[39][40][41] Israel has a population of nearly 10 million people as of 2023[update].[42][18]
The Czech Republic currently, before the peace between Israel and Palestine is signed, recognizes Jerusalem to be in fact the capital of Israel in the borders of the demarcation line from 1967." The Ministry also said that it would only consider relocating its embassy based on "results of negotiations.
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The fear of territorial displacement and dispossession was to be the chief motor of Arab antagonism to Zionism down to 1948 (and indeed after 1967 as well).Also quoted, among many, by Mark M. Ayyash (2019). Hermeneutics of Violence: A Four-Dimensional Conception. University of Toronto Press, p. 195, ISBN 1487505868. Accessed 22 March 2024.
:2
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).The mass immigration from Arab countries began in mid-1949 and included three communities that relocated to Israel almost in their entirety: 31,000 Jews from Libya, 50,000 from Yemen, and 125,000 from Iraq. Additional immigrants arrived from Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey, Iran, India, and elsewhere. Within three years, the Jewish population of Israel doubled. The ethnic composition of the population shifted as well, as immigrants from Muslim counties and their offspring now comprised one third of the Jewish population—an unprecedented phenomenon in global immigration history. From 1952–60, Israel regulated and restricted immigration from Muslim countries with a selective immigration policy based on economic criteria, and sent these immigrants, most of whom were North African, to peripheral Israeli settlements. The selective immigration policy ended in 1961 when, following an agreement between Israel and Morocco, about 100,000 Jews immigrated to the State. From 1952–68 about 600,000 Jews arrived in Israel, three quarters of whom were from Arab countries and the remaining immigrants were largely from Eastern Europe. Today fewer than 30,000 remain in Muslim countries, mostly concentrated in Iran and Turkey.
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